Although the use of the term “sentience” in philosophy dates to the 17th century, its use expanded particularly in the second half of the 20th century, with the emergence of non-anthropocentric ethics. A search for sentience in the animal kingdom began, which required the identification of a set of evidential sources. The difficulty in establishing, beyond any reasonable doubt, the existence of sentience in animals more distantly related to humans, and the consequences that the matter has for the legislation on (...) animal protection, led to the proposal to apply the precautionary principle in animal welfare policy. This principle establishes that the fulfilment of minimum criteria is enough for the existence of sentience to be admitted. This led to the attribution of sentience to invertebrates, namely molluscs, insects, and crustaceans. As a result, the possibility of including decapod crustaceans into animal legislation is currently discussed. In this article, we will perform the comparative exercise of applying a framework of minimum criteria of sentience, previously applied to crustaceans of the order Decapoda, to vascular plants. The framework is composed of eight independent criteria and the likelihood of plants meeting each of them will be assessed and discussed in the light of the existing empirical evidence. (shrink)

In this paper, I argue that a reconciliation between science and nature is possible by way of the role played by ecological sciences on the aesthetical and ethical appraisal of natural diversity. First, I show that the aim of science – namely natural sciences – is to dominate nature and contend that environmental ethics was founded to support nature’s protection from the perils of science. I then show that when environmental ethics is supported by environmental aesthetics, a different role may (...) be assigned to science. I start by building on Allen Carlson’s philosophical aesthetics to show that the aesthetical appraisal of nature requires a scientific understanding of the ecological processes. Finally, I refer to Holmes Rolston’s environmental ethics to show how nature’s ethical value may arise from Carlson’s peculiar aesthetic evaluation. (shrink)

This open access book features essays written by philosophers, biologists, ecologists and conservation scientists facing the current biodiversity crisis. Despite increasing communication, accelerating policy and management responses, and notwithstanding improving ecosystem assessment and endangered species knowledge, conserving biodiversity continues to be more a concern than an accomplished task. Why is it so?The overexploitation of natural resources by our species is a frequently recognised factor, while the short-term economic interests of governments and stakeholders typically clash with the burdens that implementing conservation (...) actions imply. But this is not the whole story. This book develops a different perspective on the problem by exploring the conceptual challenges and practical defiance posed by conserving biodiversity, namely: on the one hand, the difficulties in defining what biodiversity is and characterizing that “thing” to which the word ‘biodiversity’ refers to; on the other hand, the reasons why assessing biodiversity and putting in place effective conservation actions is arduous. (shrink)

The connection between Sustainable Development, Environmental Ethics and Environmental Aesthetics is discussed. The historical evolution of the concept “Sustainable Development”, from its foundation on the 1980’s to current days, is analyzed. Then, the ethics of Sustainable Development is characterized on the framework of Environmental Ethics. To conclude, different perspectives of Environmental Aesthetics are considered, and their potential to directly support an environmental ethics and, finally, a sustainable environmental politics, is evaluated.

Biological conservation has a long story, but what distinguishes Conservation Biology from previous conservation fields is its multidisciplinary scope and its character as a mission-oriented crisis discipline. These characteristics suggested the introduction of the metaphor of biological conservation as a sort of surgery. This paper is about the initial stages of such surgery. Firstly, some data about the so-called “Big Sixth”—the disease—will be presented together with some information about Conservation Biology—the surgeon. Then epistemic and epistemological difficulties in extinction assessment and (...) conservation prioritization, and triage in particular, will be pointed out. It will be argued that, while data deficiency arising from empirical and practical constraints can in principle be overcome, a different order of difficulties stems from the competition among several species concepts. In this case, it will be suggested that the extent of complications is of such significance to require a thorough re-assessment of the very nature of the patients, i.e., outside the metaphor, of the concept of species. (shrink)

In this paper, the need of increasing transdisciplinarity research is advocated. After having set out some peculiarity of transdisciplinarity compared with related concepts such as multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity, four evolutionary stages of scientific disciplines, based on a model recently proposed are presented. This model is then applied to the case of Plant Physiology in order to attempt an evaluation of the potential for transdisciplinary engagement of the discipline, and each of the four stages of the discipline is evaluated. In conclusion, (...) some future perspectives of Plant Physiology are sketched with reference to its transdisciplinary potential. (shrink)

Natura 2000 is a network of natural sites whose aim is to preserve species and habitats of relevance in the European Union. The policy underlying Natura 2000 has faced widespread opposition from land users and received extensive support from environmentalists. This paper addresses the ethical framework for Natura 2000 and the probable moral assumptions of its main stakeholders. Arguments for and against Natura 2000 were analyzed and classified according to “strong” or “weak” versions of the three main theories of environmental (...) ethics – anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism. Weak (intergenerational) anthropocentrism was found to underlie the Natura 2000 network itself and the positions of environmentalists, while strong (traditional) anthropocentrism pervaded the positions of economic developers. Land users seemed to fall somewhere between weak and strong anthropocentrism. The paper discusses the relation between ethics and different attitudes towards Natura 2000, highlighting some of the implications for the network’s ongoing implementation. It is shown that Natura 2000 achieves a strong reversal of the burden of proof from conservation to economic development and land use change under anthropocentrism. It is argued that the alleged theoretical divide between anthropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism in relation to the burden of proof does not seem to hold in practice. Finally, it is predicted that the weak versions of anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism, are likely to converge extensively in respect to nature conservation policy measures. (shrink)

Procura-se identificar algumas das origens históricas do negacionismo, dando ênfase aos seus aspectos filosóficos. Apresenta-se uma revisão de alguns conceitos basilares como os de verdade e episteme, destacando o quanto foram importantes na História das Ideias e na Filosofia Ocidental. Analisa-se, ainda que de forma resumida, o aspecto social da questão, por meio da compreensão da mudança do sujeito e suas relações de trabalho ao longo da História, principalmente no período pós-industrial. Por fim, discute-se a práxis negacionista, destacando suas principais (...) influências filosóficas e consequências. (shrink)

Rescue workers have a stressful and risky occupation where being engaged is crucial to face physical and emotional risks in order to help other persons. This study aims to estimate work engagement levels of rescue workers (namely comparing nurses, firefighters, and police officers) and to assess the validity evidence related to the internal structure of the Portuguese versions of the UWES-17 and UWES-9, namely, dimensionality, measurement invariance between occupational groups, and reliability of the scores. To evaluate the dimensionality, we compared (...) the fit of the three-factor model with the fit of a second-order model. A Portuguese version of the instrument was applied to a convenience sample of 3,887 rescue workers (50% nurses, 39% firefighters, and 11% police officers). Work engagement levels were moderate to high, with firefighters being the highest and nurses being the lowest engaged. Psychometric properties were evaluated in the three-factor original structure revealing acceptable fit to the data in the UWES-17, although the UWES-9 had better psychometric properties. Given the observed statistically significant correlations between the three original factors, we proposed a 2nd hierarchal structure that we named work engagement. The UWES-9 first-order model obtained full uniqueness measurement invariance, and the second-order model obtained partial (metric) second-order invariance. (shrink)

Natura 2000 is a network of natural sites whose aim is to preserve species and habitats of relevance in the European Union. The policy underlying Natura 2000 has faced widespread opposition from land users and received extensive support from environmentalists. This paper addresses the ethical framework for Natura 2000 and the probable moral assumptions of its main stakeholders. Arguments for and against Natura 2000 were analyzed and classified according to “strong” or “weak” versions of the three main theories of environmental (...) ethics – anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism. Weak (intergenerational) anthropocentrism was found to underlie the Natura 2000 network itself and the positions of environmentalists, while strong (traditional) anthropocentrism pervaded the positions of economic developers. Land users seemed to fall somewhere between weak and strong anthropocentrism. The paper discusses the relation between ethics and different attitudes towards Natura 2000, highlighting some of the implications for the network’s ongoing implementation. It is shown that Natura 2000 achieves a strong reversal of the burden of proof from conservation to economic development and land use change under anthropocentrism. It is argued that the alleged theoretical divide between anthropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism in relation to the burden of proof does not seem to hold in practice. Finally, it is predicted that the weak versions of anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism, are likely to converge extensively in respect to nature conservation policy measures. (shrink)

Considerando as crianças como atores sociais (com voz e ação) competentes para a interpretação do contexto em que se inserem, apresenta-se no presente artigo uma reflexão sobre a sua importância, enquanto sujeitos e participantes na investigação partilhada. Através da participação das crianças como investigadoras em dois estudos de opinião, pretende-se discutir as respetivas possibilidades e limites, enquanto metodologia participativa na Educação Básica. A informação proveniente das crianças forneceu pistas de intervenção aplicadas à escola.

This article addresses, in general lines, the discussion of western philosophical thought as a basic for establishing the conception of nature, society and the role of science and education in this context. Aims to discuss the dialectical historical materialist method, pointing out essential elements present in the methodological course. It also analyzes aspects of ontological criticism as a possible theoretical foundation for human education process in which the social being produces its own objective and subjective conditions of existence.

Este trabalho visa discutir as representações femininas e o trajeto histórico da mulher em busca de emancipação mediante a instrução e a escrita. Tal discussão se insere no processo de expansão das fontes e dos objetos históricos. Este trabalho foi fundamentado na abordagem da História Cultural, tendo como referencial teórico fundamental o historiador Roger Chartier. Aqui também se objetiva compreender como as representações contribuíram para a construção dos papeis sociais femininos, bem como entender sua influência na manutenção/ transgressão desses papeis.

O presente artigo aborda algumas concepções morais presentes no texto Rule-Consequencialism (2013), do filósofo contemporâneo Brad Hooker, que é especialista em filosofia moral e defensor do consequencialismo de regra. Texto este que é uma resposta a objeções feitas a essa teoria e ao mesmo tempo uma crítica a determinadas categorias consequencialistas, como é o caso do utilitarismo. De maneira geral, ambas se diferenciam entre si pelo resultado das escolhas dos atos, o primeiro pelas consequências baseadas em regras e o segundo (...) pela felicidade e prazer. Veremos ainda que as concepções morais de bem-estar, de justiça, de distribuição, de consequências e de idéias morais, como a mentira, por exemplo, são expostas como uma crítica ao compararmos com a visão da doutrina utilitarista, principalmente a clássica. O artigo em questão não tem a pretensão de aprofundar nas raízes dessas doutrinas, porém, visa compreender quais são essas formulações e como podemos identificá-las pelo viés desse filósofo e como resultado iremos ter a possibilidade de refletir sobre essas construções críticas na nossa prática e na nossa vivência tanto individual quanto coletiva, olhando para uma dimensão ético-filosófica entre teoria e prática. (shrink)

Introduction: The aim of this review was to systematically synthesize the published literature describing the psychological and behavioral correlates of recreational running in adults, defined as running for leisure, with or without a competitive component.Methods: Quantitative research published in peer-reviewed journals until January 2021 were included. Studies were identified through MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science and were included in this review if they were aimed at recreational running, included general adult samples, and assessed psychological or behavioral correlates of (...) recreational running.Results: Fifty-six articles reporting 58 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. There were 27 cross-sectional studies, 12 longitudinal studies, and 19 trials. Twenty-eight studies assessed antecedents of running behavior, and 25 studies used running behavior as treatment or predictor of a given effect or outcome. Four studies examined both predictors and outcomes of running. Thirty-one studies showed poor quality, while 20 had fair and 7 good quality. Motives were the most frequently studied antecedent of running behavior, and results suggest that the highest-ranked or more prevalent motives were physical health, psychological motives, and personal achievement. Additionally, perceived control, attitude toward running, intention and subjective norms, self-efficacy, and social support may have also played a role in the adoption of recreational running. Moreover, improvements in mood and well-being were the most frequently reported positive outcomes of running. Reductions in depression, anxiety, and stress were also reported in included studies.Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review on this topic. The identification of behavioral and psychological correlates of recreational running across populations can contribute to inform and guide a public policy agenda, focused on helping people sustain regular physical activity, through a modality they have chosen and appear to enjoy.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=68954, identifier: CRD42017068954. (shrink)

O trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a qualidade de vida em mulheres portadoras de HIV/AIDS, em destaque as relações sociais e a sexualidade. Foram analisados também aspectos sociodemográficos e situação clínica (marcadores biológicos CD4+ e carga viral) de 63 mulheres entre 18 e 65 anos em uso ..

A partir de uma sugestão de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari – a de que todos os filósofos ocidentais terminaram construindo, no interregno do seu pensamento, personagens conceituais, uma espécie de assinatura do filósofo – este livro objetiva identificar esse traço a partir da obra de Michel Foucault. A tese em questão é que este autor não se enquadra em uma imagem única, como a do Juiz em Kant, ou a do sedutor em Kierkegaard, mas em uma imagem híbrida e (...) triádica, fazendo coro com muitos filósofos chamados de transversais e que se instalaram no horizonte de filosofias chamadas de pós-estruturalistas, como Deleuze. (shrink)

Com a determinação de fenómeno empreendida por Heidegger em Sein und Zeit é abordada a problemática primeira, "fundamental", da filosofia; esse problema da fenomenalidade do fenómeno, contudo, já não é tematizado no contexto de quest0ões como "fundamentação da(s) ciência(s)", "certeza", "evidência apodíctica", tal como o fizeram algumas filosofias relevantes do passado, nomeadamente da Modernidade. O pensamento de Edmund Husserl e escolhido como exemplo paradigmatico dessa atitude que prescreve para o trabalho fundamentador da filosofia o metodo do "cepticismo metodico", uma vez (...) que, por via de regra, inscreve o tema da fenomenalidade do fenomeno no contexto da reduc. ao fenomenológica da epoche. O §7 de Sein und Zeit, determina o conceito de fenomeno como "aquilo-que-se-mostra-em-simesmo" e fa-lo estabelecendo as relações reciprocas entre fenomeno e outras formas deficientes de doagao — "aparencia" ("Schein") e "manifestacao" ("Erscheinung"); deste modo a questão da doação, isto é a questao da verdade (alétheia/desvelamento) retoma o seu lugar primeiro no quadro do pensamento fenomenológico relegando a questão metodológica da certeza para o lugar de problema derivado. /// Avec la détermination de phénoméne entreprise par Heidegger en Sein und Zeit, c'est la problématique première, "fondamentale", de la philosophic qui est envisagée; ce probléme de la phénoménalité du phénomène, cependant, n'est pas thématisé dans le contexte de questions comme celles de "fondement de(s) (la) science(s)", "certitude", "évidence apodictique", à la manière de certaines philosophies marquantes du passé, en particulier de la Modernite. La pensée de Edmund Husserl est choisie comme exemple paradigmatique de cette attitude que present pour le travail philosophique de fondation la methode du "scepticisme methodique" des lors que, en guise de regie, elle inscrit le theme de la phenoménalité du phenomene dans le contexte de la reduction phenomenologique, de 1' epoche. Le §7 de Sein und Zeit détermine le concept de phénomène comme "ce-qui-se-montre-en-soi-meme" et cela par le fait d'etablir les relations reciproques entre le phenomene et les autres formes deficientes de donation — "apparence" ("Schein") et "manifestation" ("Erscheinung") ; de la sorte, la question de la donation, c. á. d. la question de la vérité (alétheia-dévoilement) reprend sa place premiere dans le cadre de la pensée phénoménologique, relégant la question méthodologique de la certitude a la place de problème dérivé. /// With Heidegger's text to determine the phenomenality of the phenomenon in Sein und Zeit, one recognizes that it is philosophy's most fundamental problem that is being rethought, but not in terms of "foundations of the science(s), "certitude", "apodicti evidence" — as much of the philosophy in modern times has sought to do. Edmund Husserl's thought is paradigmatic of this atitude, attributing to philosophy the work of founding through "methodological scepticism" However Husserl approaches the matter of the phenomenality of the phenomenon within the context of phenomenological reduction. The 7th paragraph of Sein und Zeit determines the concept of phenomenon as that which "shows-itself-in-itself" and does so by establishing reciprocal relations between the phenomenon and other deficient torms of donation — "appearence" (Schein) and "manifestation" (Erscheinung)! In this way, the question of donation, i. e. the question of truth (ale theia/rev elation) takes up again its first place in the context of phenomenological thought, relegating the methodological question concerning certitude to a derived status. (shrink)

O artigo examina a ideia da filosofia com base no questionamento sobre a esfera pré-teoréticada vivência do mundo do entorno (Umwelterlebnis) na segunda parte da preleção acadêmica intitulada“A ideia da filosofia e o problema da visão de mundo” de 1919 (GA 56/57, p. 63-76). Após desqualificar,na primeira parte da preleção, a teleologia crítica dos neokantianos da Escola de Baden a partir danecessidade de interrogar o que é dado quando se fala justamente de doação (material ou ideal nessadoutrina), Martin Heidegger privilegia (...) o Umwelt como esfera apreendida com base em uma “ciência préteórica originaria”. Examinando, fenomenologicamente, as vivências da pergunta (Frageerlebnis), dacátedra (Kathedererlebnis) e destacando o caráter de apropriação (Ereignis) de tais vivências (§§ 13, 14,15 do curso em questão), Heidegger preserva o caráter mundanizante ao verbalizar o substantivo Welt(“es weltet”) no exemplo da vivência da cátedra. Assim procedendo, ele rompe com o primado doteorético (isto é, com a relação entre percepção e conhecimento) em favor da dimensão da“significatividade” da qual parte com o objetivo de pleitear nesse período uma ciência não teórica paraentender o ver fenomenológico como um “compreender intuitivamente” ou como uma “intuiçãohermenêutica”. (shrink)

The concept of shared mental models refers to the shared understanding among team members about how they should behave in different situations. This article aimed to develop a new shared mental model measure, specifically designed for the refereeing context. A cross-sectional study was conducted with three samples: national and regional football referees (n = 133), national football referees and assistant referees and national futsal referees (n = 277), and national futsal referees (n = 60). The proposed version of the Referee (...) Shared Mental Models Measure (RSMMM) has 13 items that are reflected on a single factor structure. The RSMMM presented good validity evidence both based on the internal structure and based on relations to other variables (presenting positive associations with team work engagement, team adaptive performance, and team effectiveness). Such promising psychometric properties point to an optimistic outlook regarding its use to measure shared mental models in futsal and football referee teams. -/- . (shrink)

Neste artigo vamos caraterizar a governação pública da área autárquica, traçando uma perspetiva da sua evolução em Portugal.A Corporate governance tem merecido uma crescente atenção desde há uns anos a esta parte, incorporando um conjunto de regras e procedimentos que têm como objetivo otimizar o desempenho de uma organização, com observância de princípios como a transparência e a responsabilização.As políticas públicas e a administração pública em geral são cada vez mais influenciadas por princípios e procedimentos próprios do setor privado, sendo (...) a new governance uma administração mais próxima do mercado.Conclui-se que a governação do setor público tende, atualmente, a substituir abordagens hierárquicas e burocráticas por uma administração mais transparente. (shrink)

O presente artigo pretende analisar a tentativa de harmonização entre fé e razão, entre teologia e filosofia empreendida por Tomás de Aquino na introdução da Summa contra gentiles. Para tanto, será trabalhada a distinção tomista entre as verdades da fé e as verdades da razão, mostrando como, ao mesmo tempo em que a fé suplementa o conhecimento de Deus ao descortinar as verdades suprarracionais, a razão, por sua, introduz as verdades que também são cridas pela fé.

Educational policy and social sciences researchers have been studying dishonest behaviors among students for a long time. In this bibliometric study we examine the extant literature on academic dishonesty until 2017. We also analyze the specific case of the literature on plagiarism since it is arguably one of the most common academic dishonest behavior. We aim at identifying the intellectual structure of the field of academic dishonesty and plagiarism. Results show that Donald L. McCabe and Richard L. Marsh appear as (...) the most productive authors. Furthermore, Whitley, 235–274, 1998) “Factors associated with cheating among college students: A review”, and Pennycook, 201–230, 1996), entitled “Borrowing others’ words: Text, ownership, memory, and plagiarism” are the most cited publications on academic dishonesty and on plagiarism, respectively. Additionally, a strong connection between the McCabe and Treviño articles emerged from the co-citation analysis on academic dishonesty, and also a strong relationship between Pennycook, 201–230, 1996) and Pecorari, 317–345, 2003), suggesting that these articles are strongly connected. Results suggest that these are the most influential authors and articles of the field. (shrink)

The understanding of a wide array of practices related to fraud, bribery, corruption, and more widely, illicit practices have been capturing the attention of practitioners and management researchers worldwide. A substantial portion of the extant research has used university students to measure their actual or intended cheating behaviours and often studies have tested for variations across countries and cultures. We highlight some major concerns in this stream of inquiry and discuss both the definition and some inconclusive results in prior studies, (...) namely those deriving from differences in cheating behaviour across different cultural contexts. We suggest the need to examine intentionality, and further advance that intentionality may assume a reactive or a proactive essence. Depending on the social and formal contexts of different countries, both reactive and proactive intentions lead to distinct moral concerns, which we name in this work omorality (meaning ‘our morality’) or immorality (in the traditional sense). (shrink)

By having as focus of analysis the pseudoepigraph of Barnabas, this article aims to discuss, as of an introductory way, the main elements that marked the Judeo-Christian controversy in the early centuries of the Church. More specifically, the view that the Pseudo-Barnabas has on traditional Judaism.

Apresento e desenvolvo neste artigo o problema da prova sortuda, analisando duas soluções para ele presentes na literatura. A primeira delas consistira em alegar que mostrar que o predicado está contido no sujeito não basta como demonstração da verdade de uma proposição, sendo preciso que se prove ainda que a noção relativa ao sujeito é logicamente consistente. A segunda repousaria em uma hierarquização modal, por assim dizer, dos pre- dicados integrantes de uma noção individual. Após exibir as razões que me (...) levam a rejeitar essas duas soluções, apresento os traços fundamentais de uma interpretação que me parece resolver o problema de maneira satisfatória. Minha posição envolve conceder ao Princípio da Razão Suficiente um papel central na compreensão do que significa, para Leibniz, provar que um determinado predicado está contido na noção relativa a um certo indivíduo. (shrink)

O livro de Vladimir Safatle Cinismo e Falência da Crítica (6 capítulos, 216 páginas) procura realizar um diagnóstico da realidade contemporânea apontando para a noção de cinismo como chave conceitual capaz de amarrar os vários campos do saber, desde a política até as artes passando pela psicanálise.

Charles Darwin's curiosity had a remarkable childlike enthusiasm driven by an almost compulsive appetite for a constant process of discovery, which he never satiated despite his many voyages. He would puzzle about the smallest things, from the wonders of barnacles to the different shapes, colours and textures of the beetles which he obsessively collected, from flowers and stems to birds, music and language, and would dedicate years to understanding the potential significance of everything he saw. Darwin's findings and theories relied (...) heavily on that same curiosity, on seeking and answering questions, however long these would take to clarify. His son Francis Darwin often recalls how "he would ask himself 'now what do you want to say' and his answer written down would often disentangle the confusion". In fact, "disentangling confusions" seems to have been the driving force behind Darwin's scientific pursuits, as he was struck with bewilderment when contemplating the luxuriousness of life. It was also the impetus for this book. The true implications of Darwin's legacy remain as controversial to the critics of our time as they were to his contemporaries. Darwin's impact within and beyond the biological sciences is both daunting and exhilarating, and attests to the need for an interdisciplinary approach by remaining a challenge to many scholars in the most diverse fields. The recent revival of his theories has opened a Pandora's box of different theoretical studies that are particularly receptive to exploring new and exciting angles of research. (shrink)

Este artigo pretende demonstrar que o amor próprio na complacência e no autoengano são os fundamentos da possibilidade do solipsismo moral em Kant. Dividiremos o trabalho em duas partes. A primeira parte indicará que o amor próprio é um princípio volitivo, na medida em que é capaz de transformar uma inclinação em um fim da vontade. Isto é possível porque o ser humano subordina a lei moral à sua própria felicidade. Na segunda parte, o autoengano será avaliado como forma de (...) anular a culpa por meio da intenção e das más consequências da ação. Neste caso, o autoengano é o efeito sensível da força deste tipo de amor egoísta sobre o espírito do ser humano, porque a consciência moral é anulada pelas próprias mentiras. Por fim, será demonstrado que o amor próprio na complacência é a parte formal, um princípio volitivo capaz de transformar uma inclinação em objeto de desejo, e que o autoengano é o efeito sensível que este princípio produz na natureza humana. Palavras-chave: Amor Próprio; Solipsismo Moral; Felicidade; Natureza Humana; Liberdade. Moral solipsism in Kant: the dark side of moral consciousness Abstract: This article aims to demonstrate that self-love in complacency and self-deception are the foundations of the possibility of moral solipsism in Kant. We will divide the work into two parts. The first part will indicate that self-love is a volitional principle, in that it is capable of transforming an inclination into an end of the will. This is possible, since the human being subordinates the moral law to his own happiness. In the second part, self-deception will be evaluated as a way to nullify guilt through intention and the bad consequences of the action. In this case, self-deception is the sensitive effect of the force of this type of selfish love on the spirit of the human being, because moral conscience is annulled by one's own lies. Finally, it will be demonstrated that self-love in complacency is the formal part, a volitional principle capable of transforming an inclination into an object of desire, and that self-deception is the sensitive effect that this principle produces in human nature. Keywords: Self-Love; Moral Solipsism; Happiness; Human Nature; Freedom. Solipsismo moral en Kant: el lado oscuro de la conciencia moral Resumen: Este artículo pretende demostrar que el amor propio en la complacencia y el autoengaño son los fundamentos de la posibilidad del solipsismo moral en Kant. Dividiremos el trabajo en dos partes. La primera parte indicará que el amor propio es un principio volitivo, en cuanto que es capaz de transformar una inclinación en un fin de la voluntad. Esto es posible, ya que el ser humano subordina la ley moral a su propia felicidad. En la segunda parte se evaluará el autoengaño como una forma de anular la culpa a través de la intención y las malas consecuencias de la acción. En este caso, el autoengaño es el efecto sensible de la fuerza de este tipo de amor egoísta sobre el espíritu del ser humano, porque la conciencia moral es anulada por las propias mentiras. Finalmente, se demostrará que el amor propio en la complacencia es la parte formal, un principio volitivo capaz de transformar una inclinación en objeto de querer, y que el autoengaño es el efecto sensitivo que produce este principio en la naturaleza humana. Palabras-clave: Amor Propio; Solipsismo Moral; Felicidad; Naturaleza Humana; Libertad. Data de registro: 30/07/2024 Data de aceite: 30/10/2024. (shrink)

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é evidenciar que a ideia de antropologia pragmática desenvolvida nas versões dos cursos de antropologia, que são Collegentwürfe, Menschenkunde e Anthropologie Dohna-Wundlackende, se ocupa de uma definição moral, porque ela está subordinada à doutrina da prudência. Essa é compreendida como a capacidade de os seres humanos influenciarem uns aos outros, segundo certos fins, os quais deverão ser úteis na vida em sociedade. Além disso, delimita-se que o sentido do adjetivo “pragmático”, presente nessas versões dos cursos (...) de antropologia, foi retirado da obra Initia Philosophiae practicae prima, de Baumgarten, pois, nas anotações de Kant acerca dessa obra, os motivos pragmáticos sempre determinarão leis privadas do arbítrio, as quais poderão, a priori, representar um interesse moral e, a posteriori, a realização de um fim almejado pelo ser racional finito. Por essa razão, defende-se haver nas obras kantianas citadas uma sinonímia entre a noção de antropologia pragmática e de doutrina da prudência.This article aims to evidence that the idea of pragmatic anthropology developed in the versions of the courses of anthropology that are Collegentwürfe, Menschenkunde and Anthropologie Dohna-Wundlackende, occupies of a moral definition, because it is subordinated to the doctrine of prudence. This doctrine is understood as the capacity from the human beings to influence each other according to certain goals, the ones that should be useful in social life. Besides that, we will delimit that the meaning of the pragmatic adjective present in these versions of the courses of anthropology was withdrawn from the work Initia Philosophiae practicae prima from Baumgarten, because in the notes of Kant about this work the pragmatic motives will always determine private laws of the will, the ones who may, a priori, represent a moral interest and, a posteriori, the accomplishment of a desired end by its finite rational being. By this reason, we defend to have in the quoted Kantian works a synonymy between the notion of pragmatic anthropology and the doctrine of prudence. (shrink)

O objetivo central deste artigo é explorar aspectos centrais e específicos do pensamento de Jacques Rancière e Georges Didi-Huberman acerca das imagens. Interessa-nos identificar como ambos elaboram métodos de reflexão acerca do trabalho das imagens a partir das noções de montagem, intervalo, ficção, visibilidade, legibilidade e sobrevivências. As semelhanças e diferenças entre tais métodos serão observadas a partir de reflexão crítica de textos e obras dos autores.

This article looks for scanning the History of the Council of Trent emphatically in what concerns to the antecedents that went through its path and culminate in it. Under the key of an “Ecclesia semper reformanda” we look for understanding the internal reformations in the Church of that age not as private diligences to the Council's motion, as if the Council was the great awakener of a monolithic Church to the needs of an intrareformation, but, despite this, aiming the history (...) of the Council, often, in that time of crisis in Latin Church, at that context of the rise and expansion of Protestantism, it's possible to see, in Church's breast, a wish of ecclesiastical, pastoral and dogmatic reformation, renovation and updating that, ulteriorly, was already largely disseminated in practices and discussions of the Church even before the very Council. Indeed, we have discovered a movement of internal and previous reformation that converged to Trent and greatly influenced it, so we say that almost there was nothing new in the Council, any pastoral or dogmatic guideline exclusive and genuinely tridentine. Trent's just the apex, the vertex, so to speak, the crown of intrareformist movement within the Church as we shall show in our research, drawing Council's history from long before, unveiling what came previously about the discussions and directions taken. (shrink)

Resumo: Discuto, no presente artigo, a concepção leibniziana da mente, mostrando que as percepções e as sensações podem ser compreendidas como constituindo uma série contínua, mas que as apercepções forçosamente introduzem uma descontinuidade no sistema, o que torna essa concepção incompatível com o princípio da continuidade, igualmente assumido por Leibniz.Abstract: I discuss in this article the Leibnizian conception of the mind, showing that perceptions and sensations can be understood as constituting a continuous series, but that apperceptions forcibly introduce a discontinuity (...) into the system, which renders this conception incompatible with the principle of continuity, also assumed by Leibniz. (shrink)

Utopias are embedded in contexts from which they derive meaning and significance. As a vehicle for speculation, intervention, and creativity, narrative utopia reflects the circumstances of its times, including its culture's relationship to the past. This article offers a survey of ways in which utopias engage with the problematics of historical memory both by looking to the past in the “real” world or in a mythical world and by positing fictional peoples with their own historical memory/ies, as instanced in legends, (...) libraries, works of art, and so on. The erasure or falsification of memory, on the other hand, appears as an important leitmotif of the dystopian imagination. By pointing out a variety of examples and issues, the article will attempt to bridge the existing gap between utopian studies and cultural memory studies. (shrink)

:The bulk of Mel Gibson's output as filmmaker consists of a trilogy on historical subjects: Braveheart, The Passion and Apocalypto. This article points to a degree of imaginative consistency underlying Gibson's work. It seeks to acknowledge a personal vision of the nature and significance of human events – a vision articulated through the choice of recurring cinematic techniques and visual-thematic motifs. All three films inculcate a sense of history as fundamentally dependent on acts of ritualization, at the centre of which (...) lies the sacrifice of the individual. They share an authorial vision which hinges upon the question of death and transcendence. Gibson's oeuvre foregrounds the conviction that human experience is patterned in accordance with archetypal narratives whose seemingly universal validity is suggested by the presentation of cross-cultural analogues in successive films. (shrink)

A aprendizagem filosófica na formação de professores: proposta de um Ateliê Filosófico Transdisciplinar Resumo: Este artigo é uma reflexão sobre a criação de um Ateliê Filosófico Transdisciplinar para fazer-pensar a formação de professores e a aprendizagem filosófica, a partir de oficinas didático-formativas que possibilitem aos estudantes de diferentes cursos de licenciaturas a experienciarem em seus processos formativos a prática da meditação como possibilidade didática para o desenvolvimento da aprendizagem filosófica do autoconhecimento. Busca-se fortalecer e promover experiências que estimulem a reflexão, (...) o cuidado com a alteridade, a comunicação dialógica e a ética, a partir de uma visão complexa, fenomenológica, transdisciplinar e polilógica. A formação institucional tradicional é tensionada a repensar o papel da filosofia na formação de professores para além de uma disciplina monológica, específica de conteúdos da tradição canônica, porém sem discriminá-los, mas fazer vê-los emergir das inquietudes humanas dos sujeitos educadores em transformação. Palavras-chave: Ateliê Filosófico; Aprendizagem Filosófica; Autoconhecimento; Formação de Professores. Philosophical learning in teacher education: proposal of a Transdisciplinary Philosophical Workshop Abstract: this article is a reflection on the creation of a Transdisciplinary Philosophical Workshop to make teacher education and philosophical learning think-through, from didactic-formative workshops that enable students from different undergraduate courses to experience their formative processes. The practice of meditation as a didactic possibility for the development of philosophical learning of self-knowledge. We seek to strengthen and promote experiences that stimulate reflection, care for otherness, dialogical communication and ethics, from a complex, phenomenological, transdisciplinary and polylogical view. The traditional institutional formation is tensioned to rethink the role of philosophy in the formation of teachers beyond a monological discipline, specific of canonical tradition contents, but without discriminating them, but seeing them emerge from the human concerns of the changing educating subjects.. Keywords: Philosophical Studio; Philosophical learning; Self knowledge; Teacher training. Aprendizaje filosófico en la formación docente: propuesta de un taller filosófico transdisciplinario Resumen: Este artículo es una reflexión sobre la creación de un Taller Filosófico Transdisciplinario para reflexionar sobre la formación docente y el aprendizaje filosófico, a partir de talleres didáctico-formativos que permiten a los estudiantes de diferentes cursos de pregrado experimentar sus procesos formativos. La práctica de la meditación como una posibilidad didáctica para el desarrollo del aprendizaje filosófico del autoconocimiento. Buscamos fortalecer y promover experiencias que estimulen la reflexión, el cuidado de la otredad, la comunicación dialógica y la ética, desde una visión compleja, fenomenológica, transdisciplinaria y polilógica. La formación institucional tradicional está tensada para repensar el papel de la filosofía en la formación de docentes más allá de una disciplina monológica, específica de los contenidos de la tradición canónica, pero sin discriminarlos, pero al verlos emerger de las preocupaciones humanas de las materias educativas cambiantes. Palabras clave: Philosophical Studio; Aprendizaje filosófico; Conocimiento de sí mismo; Formación de profesores. Data de registro: 05/10/2019 Data de aceite: 22/09/2021 O presente trabalho foi realizado com o apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) –Brasil –Código de Financiamento 001. (shrink)

Resumo: A filosofia ocupa um espaço praticamente inalterado nas várias licenciaturas, geralmente, compreendida como fundamentos da educação ou pressupostos necessários à reflexão filosófica da educação. Nesse movimento, o papel da filosofia é visto como instrumentalização para a cientificidade da prática pedagógica escolar. Mas será que a contribuição da filosofia na formação do educador deve constituir-se apenas e tão somente na fundamentação dos problemas filosófico-pedagógicos? Este texto é resultado das inspirações teóricas, metodológicas e da experiência do dispositivo de formação Ateliê Filosófico, (...) que, entre outros objetivos, desenvolve oficinas filosóficas que levaram à criação de um design cognitivo voltado para formação inicial de professores. Além disso, ao criar um ambiente de aprendizagem filosófica, utilizando práticas meditativas fundamentadas no educar transdisciplinar polilógico, o dispositivo fomenta reflexões sobre o ser-sendo educador e sua práxis no contexto contemporâneo. Palavras-chave: Ensino de Filosofia; Formação Inicial de Professores; Educar Transdisciplinar; Ateliê Filosófico; Design Cognitivo. What can philosophy contribute to teacher education? Abstract: Philosophy occupies a largely unchanged space in various teacher training programs, typically understood as the foundations of education or prerequisites for philosophical reflection on education. In this framework, the role of philosophy is seen as a tool for the scientific approach to pedagogical practice. However, should the contribution of philosophy to teacher education be limited to underpinning philosophical-pedagogical issues? This text results from the theoretical, methodological, and experiential inspirations of the Ateliê Filosófico training device, which, among other goals, develops philosophical workshops culminating in the creation of a cognitive design for engaging with philosophy in initial teacher training. Ultimately, by creating a philosophical learning environment through meditative practices grounded in a transdisciplinary polilogical approach, the device fosters reflections on the being-becoming of educators in the context of contemporary society. Keywords: Philosophy Teaching; Initial Teacher Training; Transdisciplinary Education; Philosophical Workshop; Cognitive Design. ¿Qué puede aportar la filosofía en la formación de educadores? Resumen: La filosofía ocupa un espacio en gran medida inalterado en varios programas de formación docente, entendida típicamente como los fundamentos de la educación o los requisitos previos para la reflexión filosófica sobre la educación. En este marco, el papel de la filosofía se ve como una herramienta para el enfoque científico de la práctica pedagógica. Sin embargo, ¿debería la contribución de la filosofía a la formación de maestros limitarse a fundamentar cuestiones filosófico-pedagógicas? Este texto resulta de las inspiraciones teóricas, metodológicas y experienciales del dispositivo de formación Ateliê Filosófico, que, entre otros objetivos, desarrolla talleres filosóficos que culminan en la creación de un diseño cognitivo para abordar la filosofía en la formación inicial de docentes. En última instancia, al crear un entorno de aprendizaje filosófico a través de prácticas meditativas fundamentadas en un enfoque transdisciplinario polilógico, el dispositivo fomenta reflexiones sobre el ser-estar de los educadores en el contexto de la sociedad contemporánea. Palabras clave: Enseñanza de Filosofia; Formación Inicial de Docentes; Educación Transdisciplinaria; Taller Filosófico; Diseño Cognitivo. Data de registro: 08/03/2024 Data de aceite: 28/08/2024. (shrink)

As interpretações referentes ao relacionamento entre Blaise Pascal e Renné Descartes costumam situar-se entre dois extremos. Algumas vezes, o autor dos Pensamentos é interpretado como uma espécie de cartesiano indeciso, incapaz de separar o seu discurso religioso das investigações científicas e filosóficas. Outras vezes, Pascal é estereotipado como uma espécie de anti-cartesiano empedernido, um apologista cuja fé não pode evitar o racionalismo. O presente busca evitar estas duas compreensões, tentando encontrar um Pascal que foi cartesiano em certa medida, mas, ao (...) mesmo tempo, crítico de Descartes, sem que, contudo, tal crítica justifique a acusação de irracionalismo. (shrink)